Sciatica

Sciatica is caused by irritation, compression of the sciatic nerve, which is the largest nerve in the body. The sciatic nerve runs from the lower back through the hips and buttocks and down each leg.

Sciatica usually affects one side of the body and can cause pain that travels from the lower back or buttock into the thigh and leg.

Common causes include:

Herniated or slipped disc – a disc may press on the sciatic nerve.

Spinal stenosis – narrowing of the spinal canal can compress nerves.

Spondylolisthesis – one vertebra slips forward over another.

Bone spurs – extra bone growth can put pressure on the nerve.

Muscle-related irritation – tight or inflamed muscles around the buttock may sometimes irritate the sciatic nerve.

Symptoms may include:

Pain in the lower back, buttock, or leg

Sharp, burning, or shooting pain

Tingling  sensation

Numbness in the leg or foot

Muscle weakness in the affected leg

Pain that worsens with prolonged sitting, coughing, or sneezing

The risk may increase with:

Increasing age

Prolonged sitting or inactivity

being overweight

Poor posture

Physically demanding work

Repeated lifting or twisting

Certain spinal conditions

A healthcare professional usually begins with a medical history and physical examination. They may assess muscle strength, sensation, reflexes, and leg movement.

Imaging tests such as MRI or CT scans may be recommended when symptoms are severe, persistent, or when a specific spinal problem is suspected.

Treatment depends on the underlying cause and severity. It may include:

Maintaining appropriate daily activity and avoiding prolonged bed rest

Physiotherapy and stretching exercises

Medicines for pain when prescribed

Exercises to strengthen the back and core muscles

Heat or cold therapy for symptom relief

In selected cases, injections may be considered

Surgery may be recommended in certain patients with significant nerve compression, persistent symptoms, or progressive weakness

Although sciatica cannot always be prevented, the risk may be reduced by:

Maintaining a healthy body weight

Staying physically active

Strengthening the core and back muscles

Maintaining good posture

Using proper lifting techniques

Avoiding prolonged sitting

Taking regular movement breaks

Consult a healthcare professional if leg or back pain is severe, persistent, recurrent, or associated with numbness or weakness.

Seek urgent medical attention if back pain is accompanied by new difficulty controlling urination or bowel movements, numbness around the genital or anal area, or severe/progressive weakness in the legs. These can be signs of serious nerve compression.

No. Most people with sciatica do not require surgery. Surgery is generally considered when conservative treatment does not provide adequate relief or when significant neurological problems develop.

Sciatica can interfere with walking, sitting, working, and everyday activities, but many cases can improve with appropriate treatment and physical rehabilitation. Recognizing symptoms early and seeking professional evaluation can help identify the cause and guide effective treatment.